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Ingredient & advertising guide

This page has two jobs. First, it explains every line printed on the panel of the bottle we sell, what each ingredient is, and what the research does and does not say about it, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. Second, and this is the part most advertising pages leave out, it lists the headlines we run, tells you which ones are exaggerated, and separates the small number of things that are genuinely supported by evidence from the many that are not.

1. Our headlines, and what is actually true

These are the headlines we have run, grouped by the claim they make. The right-hand column is our own plain assessment. We have marked each family of headlines as Exaggerated, Partly true, Withdrawn, Our headline was wrong or Broadly supported.

The headline as you saw it	What is actually behind it
"Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Spell These 3 Words. Test Now""Top Doctors Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""Memory Decline Begins When Seniors Say These 3 Phrases (See The List)""Declining Memory Begins When Seniors Say These 7 Phrases. See Which Ones"	Exaggerated There is no set of three words, three phrases or seven phrases whose spelling or pronunciation marks the beginning of anything. Nothing "begins" at a word. Word tasks do appear inside the short memory checks clinicians use, but those checks are given in person and read alongside your history, what you take daily and your age. Failing a word online means nothing on its own: plenty of people stumble over a word when they are tired, nervous or being timed. "Top Doctors" refers to no specific person. See section 4.
"Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Greatest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Exaggerated No group of Japanese doctors issued this statement. There is no such panel, no such list, and no source we can point you to. Japan appears in the headline because it is widely associated with long life, which makes the claim feel credible. That is a marketing decision, not a citation. The second half is also wrong. Memory changes with age for everyone, and no diet removes that. What is true is narrower: certain long-term drinking and eating patterns travel with faster slippage on thinking tests in large population studies. [1] [2] Association is not proof of cause, and "just avoid these three" is not how any of it works.
"Nobel Prize's Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Withdrawn We retract this one outright. No Nobel laureate has endorsed this page, this product, or any list of three foods on our behalf. Attaching the Nobel Prize to an advertisement implies an authority that does not exist and we should not have run it.
"The Overlooked Boxed Cereal Now Tied to 8 Out of 10 Memory Cases"	Our headline was wrong There is no such statistic. No study ties any cereal to eight out of ten cases of anything, "memory cases" is not a category any researcher uses, and no cereal has been "overlooked" by anyone: the sugar figure is printed on the side of every box. The number was invented for the headline and we withdraw it. The grain of truth is the same as for the other cereal headlines below: a diet heavy in ultra-processed food, the sweet cereal shelf included, travels in a large Brazilian study with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over eight years. [2] That is a modest association across thousands of people, not eight in ten of anyone. See section 3.
"Brain Experts Now Say These 3 Cereals Age the Brain Faster Than Time""Scientists Now Say This 1 Cereal Ages the Brain Faster Than Time"	Exaggerated No food ages the brain "faster than time." That phrase was written for effect and it is not a finding from any study. It is also internally inconsistent: in one version it is three cereals, in another it is one, because the number is something we test for click-through, not something anyone measured. The grain of truth: diets high in ultra-processed food are associated with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over years. [2] That is a modest effect across a population, not a fate sealed by a bowl of cereal. See section 3.
"Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Memory Loss"	Partly true The "evening drink" is alcohol, and of everything our ads point at, this is where the evidence is strongest. In British civil servants followed for thirty years, higher drinking went with shrinkage of the hippocampus, the region most involved in forming memories, and with faster decline in word fluency; light drinkers had no edge over non-drinkers. [1] What is overstated is the word "behind." Alcohol is one contributing factor among many, not the cause of memory slips. Cutting back is a genuinely good idea. It is also worth saying plainly: the spray we sell contains no alcohol and no caffeine.
"Doctors Name 5 Popular Drinks Now Tied To Memory Decline. Coffee Tops The List""Seniors: These 4 Drinks May Be Aging Your Brain Faster""The 4 Drinks Brain Doctors Want Seniors to Quit""Doctors: 3 Popular Drinks Now Tied to Memory Loss in Seniors"	Exaggerated Notice that the count changes: three drinks, four, five. It changes because it is an advertising variable we rotate, not a number that came out of a study. No doctor is named in any version, because none was consulted. "Coffee Tops The List" is the clearest thing we have got wrong: none of the studies on this page is about plain coffee. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams of caffeine a day, two to three 12-ounce cups of brewed coffee, as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. [3] See section 2.
"Brain Doctors: Quit These 4 Drinks Before It's Too Late"	Exaggerated No brain doctor was consulted for this headline, and there is no "too late." The deadline was invented to make you click. The four drinks are the ones in section 2: alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks. Cutting back on them is sensible for your nights, your weight and your wallet, and heavy drinking travels with poorer memory outcomes over years. [1] There is no evidence that quitting them on any particular day changes anything about your memory, and there is no age after which the change stops being worth making. See section 2.
"Memory Slipping? Check These 4 Everyday Drinks First"	Partly true Half right, in the wrong order. If your memory is slipping, the first thing to check is not a drink; it is a conversation with your own clinician about your nights, your hearing and what you take daily, none of which is settled by changing what you pour. The four drinks are the everyday ones in section 2. Reviewing them is a reasonable second step. Not enough plain water belongs on the list too. [4] [5] See section 2.
"America's Top Experts Say Mental Decline Isn't Aging: Just Avoid These 5 Kitchen Drinks"	Exaggerated The same construction as the "Japan's doctors" headline above, with the country changed. No panel of American experts issued this statement, and we cannot point you to one. Memory changes with age, and no drink removes that. The five kitchen drinks are alcohol, sugar-sweetened sodas, diet sodas, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks, all in section 2, where the honest version of each is written out. "Just avoid" overstates what any of that evidence shows.
"Still Sharp at 90? Seniors Are Rethinking These 3 Everyday Foods"	Partly true The gentlest of our headlines, and still an overstatement. Nobody knows what keeps a particular person sharp at 90, and no single food does it. The three everyday foods are sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats and packaged baked goods, all in section 3. Eating less of them is part of the long, slow habits in section 5, and no food is a promise at any age.
"A pocket spray with the lion's mane of the clinical trials"	Our headline was wrong We have run versions of this line and we withdraw it. The five daily presses of this spray carry 250 mg of lion's mane extract. The twelve-week trial in adults over 50 used 3,200 mg a day of the dried mushroom, [6] which is sixty-four presses of this bottle a day, and the one-hour test in younger adults used 1,800 mg, [7] which is thirty-six. The label prints no extraction ratio, so nobody can say how 250 mg of this extract compares with the whole mushroom, and "the lion's mane of the clinical trials" cannot be supported from the label. See section 6.
"Five Presses of Peppermint, No Glass of Water, Nothing to Swallow"	Broadly supported This is the one headline we run that describes the product exactly as the seller's own instructions do, and every part of it checks out. The daily dose printed by the seller is five sprays; the flavor is peppermint oil; the spray is taken straight into the mouth, with no water; and nothing is swallowed whole. The headline says nothing about what the spray does, and it makes no promise about memory or attention. What it points at is the gesture, and the article that follows uses that gesture as its unit: it divides the daily amounts by five and counts how many presses each study would have needed. See section 6.
"Neurologists Name 5 Popular Prescriptions Now Tied to Memory Decline"	Partly true, and the one not to act on alone No neurologist named a list for us, and we will not print one. What is true is that pharmacists keep lists of everyday products, some sold over the counter, that are often a poor fit after 65, and that a yearly look at everything you take is worth having. But an advertisement is the worst possible reason to change anything a clinician gave you: never stop or change it because of something you read in an ad, including ours. Put everything you take in one bag, this spray included, and ask your pharmacist. See the box at the end of section 2.

2. Every drink our ads point at

Our headlines have referred, in different versions, to "3 beverages", "4 drinks", "5 popular drinks" and "this popular evening drink" without ever naming them. Here is the complete list of what we were pointing at, and what the research actually supports for each one. Where a study is cited, it is observational unless stated otherwise: it can show that two things travel together in a population, not that one causes the other.

3. Every food our ads point at

The food headlines referred to "3 foods" and to "cereals": one cereal in some versions, three in others. Again, the number was ours, not a finding. Here is what was meant, and what stands behind it.

4. The "3 words" and "7 phrases" tests

Several of our headlines invite you to test yourself on words or phrases: spell these three words, pronounce these three phrases, see whether you say these seven phrases. There is no such validated test, and we cannot give you a real one, because a real one does not work that way.

What an actual memory check looks like. Clinicians use short structured checks. They do include word tasks: recalling three unrelated words after a delay, naming animals, repeating a sentence. But three things make them different from an online quiz:

• They are given in person, in a standard way, by someone trained to do it.
• The score is read against your age and education, not against a fixed pass mark.
• A low score is a reason for a longer conversation with your clinician, never a verdict by itself.

These checks also produce false alarms. A bad night, trouble hearing, and simply being nervous all lower scores in people whose memory is fine. This is precisely why an online word quiz is meaningless: it has none of the context that makes the real check useful.

5. Everyday habits worth more than any bottle

If we only had one section to be useful in, this would be it. None of these is a supplement, a bottle, or a list of three foods, and none of them can be sold to you by us.

• Sleep enough, at regular hours, and keep caffeine to the morning.
• Get your hearing and your eyesight checked, and use hearing aids or glasses if you need them: straining to hear or see looks a great deal like not remembering.
• Walk, most days. Regular walking counts.
• Drink enough plain water. Being measurably short of it travelled with poorer processing speed in 1,111 older Berliners. ^{[4] [5]}
• Drink less alcohol. ^[1]
• Eat more like the MIND pattern and less from the ultra-processed shelf. ^{[10] [2]}
• Stay in touch with people. Conversation is exercise for memory.
• Keep learning something: a language, an instrument, a route you have never driven.
• Once a year, take everything you take to the pharmacist.
• Ask your clinician for a B12 level if nobody has checked it in a few years; the stomach absorbs less of it with age. ^[11]

These are unglamorous. They cannot be delivered in a headline, they take years, and they are, by a wide margin, the most useful things on this entire page.

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6. Ingredient guide: what is actually in the spray we sell

What each ingredient of Shroomwell Brain & Focus Spray is, what it is traditionally used for, and what the cited research says, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. Five presses of the pump are the daily dose. A note on scale before the entries below, because the spray format sets it: one press carries a fifth of each daily amount, which is 50 mg of lion's mane extract, 10 mg of L-theanine, 5 mg of ashwagandha and 50 micrograms of vitamin B12. In presses of this bottle, the twelve-week lion's mane trial in adults over 50 used sixty-four a day, ^[6] the one-hour lion's mane test used thirty-six, ^[7] the four-week L-theanine study used twenty, ^[12] and the ashwagandha studies used sixty and forty-five. ^{[13] [14]} The lion's mane is an extract with no ratio printed, so those counts compare milligram with milligram and nothing more. Vitamin B12 is the one line that goes the other way: 250 micrograms is more than a hundred times the US Daily Value of 2.4 micrograms. ^[15] The seller's box names the mushroom Hericium erinaceus, while the bottle's label, in the seller's own photographs, prints the Latin name of reishi, Ganoderma lucidum; the shop's ingredient list names Hericium erinaceus.

Lion's mane (Hericium erinaceus), fruiting body

An edible mushroom with long, white, downward-hanging spines that grows on older beech and oak trees in temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere. It is eaten as food, especially in East Asia and the United States, with a texture often compared to crab or lobster.

Traditional and everyday use. Known as yamabushitake in Japan and houtougu in China, it has a long history of use as a food and in East Asian and Native American traditions.

What the research says. In a 12-week placebo-controlled trial of 31 healthy adults over 50, a daily lion's mane fruiting-body preparation (3.2 g/day) was associated with higher scores on a standard mental-status test compared with placebo.^[6] A visual-retention test in the same trial did not change, and the dose was far larger than most blends and extracts deliver. In a separate pilot trial in 41 healthy adults aged 18 to 45, a single 1.8 g dose was associated with faster performance on the Stroop task an hour later, while 28 days of it produced only a non-significant trend on self-rated stress.^[7]

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 250 mg (per daily dose of 5 sprays)

Good to know. Generally regarded as safe as a food. Stomach discomfort, nausea and skin rash were reported by a few participants in one clinical study. Avoid if you are allergic to mushrooms.

L-theanine

An amino acid found almost exclusively in tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) and in a few mushrooms. A cup of brewed green tea contains roughly 25 to 60 mg of it. It is what gives green tea its savoury, brothy taste.

Traditional and everyday use. Consumed for centuries as part of everyday tea drinking in China and Japan; isolated and named in Japan in 1949.

What the research says. In a placebo-controlled study in men and women aged 50 to 69, a single dose of l-theanine was associated with a faster reaction time on an attention task and with more correct answers and fewer omission errors on a working-memory task.^[16] The published summary of that study does not state the dose used, so no comparison with any product amount can be made from it. In a four-week crossover trial of 30 healthy adults averaging 48 years, 200 mg a day was followed by better verbal-fluency and executive-function scores; against placebo the verbal-fluency gain showed in the half who started lower, and two authors worked for the supplier.^[12]

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 50 mg (the amino acid in green tea)

Good to know. Generally well tolerated. If you are pregnant, nursing, or take anything daily, talk to your doctor before adding any supplement.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), root extract

A short shrub of the nightshade family that grows in India, the Middle East and parts of Africa. The root is dried and extracted; the plant is also called Indian ginseng or winter cherry.

Traditional and everyday use. Used in Ayurveda, the traditional medicine of India, for more than 3,000 years, usually as a root powder taken with milk or ghee.

What the research says. In a placebo-controlled trial of 125 healthy adults aged 20 to 55 who reported stress, 300 mg per day of a sustained-release root extract for 90 days was associated with better memory and focus scores, better sleep and lower stress ratings than placebo.^[13]

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 25 mg (root extract)

Good to know. Rare reports of harm to the organ that processes what you swallow have been described with ashwagandha products: stop and talk to your doctor if you notice unusual tiredness, dark urine, or yellowing of the skin or eyes. Not for use in pregnancy. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily for your hormones, or if you take anything daily.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A water-soluble vitamin the body cannot store in quantity, so it has to come from food every few days. It is found in whole grains, pork, fish, beans and fortified breads and cereals.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function up to five years.^[17] In the European Union, thiamine carries an authorised claim that it contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system.

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 0.55 mg (50 % of the EU reference intake)

Good to know. Very well tolerated from food and supplements; no upper limit has been set.

Vitamin B3 (niacinamide)

One of the two common forms of vitamin B3, also called nicotinamide. Unlike the other form, nicotinic acid, it does not cause the skin flush that high doses of niacin can produce. It occurs in meat, fish, nuts, legumes and enriched grains.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function up to five years.^[17] In the European Union, niacin carries authorised claims that it contributes to normal psychological function and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 8.0 mg (50 % of the EU reference intake)

Good to know. Well tolerated at the amounts found in supplements of this size. Talk to your doctor before taking it if you take anything daily.

Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)

A vitamin found naturally only in animal foods — meat, fish, eggs and dairy — and in fortified products. The body absorbs it through a two-step process in the stomach and small intestine that becomes less efficient with age, which is why supplement doses are often many times the daily requirement: only a small percentage of a large oral dose is taken up.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements, including vitamin B12, probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function up to five years.^[17] That review says nothing about people who are actually short of B12; in the European Union the vitamin carries authorised claims that it contributes to normal psychological function, to normal functioning of the nervous system and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Amount per serving in Brain & Focus Spray with Lion's Mane 30 ml. 250 µg (10,000 % of the EU reference intake)

Good to know. No upper limit has been set, because unabsorbed vitamin B12 is not stored. A blood test is the only way to know whether you are short of it; ask your doctor rather than guessing.

Peppermint essential oil (Mentha arvensis)

The oil pressed from the leaves of a mint plant, dominated by menthol, which is what produces the cold sensation on the tongue. It is used in tiny amounts as a flavour in food, confectionery and oral products.

Traditional and everyday use. Mint leaves have been used as a culinary flavouring and in teas around the Mediterranean and in Asia for thousands of years.

Good to know. Some people find the taste strong. Rarely, mint can cause heartburn or an allergic reaction.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not constitute medical advice and it should not be relied upon as such. This product is not a substitute for medication or other treatment prescribed by a physician or health care provider. Consult your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

7. What we can and cannot promise

Set against the headlines that brought you here, this is the complete and honest position.

Things we cannot promise, and that nobody selling you a supplement can:

• That this spray will improve your memory, your attention or your concentration.
• That it will stop memory from changing with age.
• That it offsets alcohol, sugar, processed food, or any drink or food named on this page.
• That it can replace anything a clinician gave you, or make a yearly look at everything you take unnecessary.
• That any doctor in Japan, any Nobel laureate, any neurologist or any "brain expert" recommends it. None has.
• That a word or phrase quiz can tell you anything about your brain.
• That any ingredient reaches the amount used in its own research. The lion's mane trial used sixty-four presses' worth a day, ^[6] the L-theanine study twenty, ^[12] and the ashwagandha studies sixty and forty-five. ^{[13] [14]}
• That spraying absorbs better than swallowing. The seller says so; it publishes no study comparing the spray with the same ingredients swallowed, and we found none.
• That the three B vitamins will do anything for a man who is not short of them. A Cochrane review of fourteen trials in 27,882 adults with no cognitive problems found little or no effect of B vitamins on overall thinking up to five years. ^[17]
• That the European health claims on the label mean more than they say. They describe what thiamine, niacin and vitamin B12 do in everyone, ^[18] and the key word in each is "normal."

Things we can say honestly:

• It is a thirty-milliliter airless spray bottle made and sold by Shroomwell of Peetri, Estonia, five presses a day into the mouth, with no water.
• Every ingredient is listed above with its amount per five presses: 250 mg lion's mane extract, 50 mg L-theanine, 25 mg ashwagandha root extract, 0.55 mg vitamin B1, 8 mg vitamin B3 and 250 micrograms vitamin B12, in a base made without sugar.
• Vitamin B12 has no upper limit set, because of its low potential for harm, and a blood test is the way to know whether you need any extra. ^[11]
• The base contains xylitol, which is harmless to people at these amounts but dangerous to dogs: keep the bottle high up and capped. ^[19]
• The seller ships only within Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Finland and Sweden, and the rest of Europe, with postage by zone. There is no delivery to the United States.
• There is no refund promise. The European right of withdrawal gives you fourteen days to return an unopened, unused bottle at your own postage; opened bottles are not refunded unless defective.
• The company publishes an office address in Peetri, a telephone number, +372 55 11 446, and an email address, info@shroomwell.com. Its contact page also lists a laboratory in Tallinn and a factory and a mushroom farm in Tõrva.
• We print no price, because the seller sets it in euros and it changes.
• The seller's shop carries seventeen reviews, all written in Estonian: twelve at five stars, three at four and two at three. None carries the widget's mark of a confirmed purchase. Three are quoted in translation in the article, and the small pictures beside them are illustrations, not the reviewers. Individual experiences are not evidence.
• We earn a commission if you buy. That is our interest in this, stated plainly.
• Nothing here is medical advice, and none of it replaces your own clinician.

8. Questions people ask us

Did a Japanese doctor, a Nobel laureate or a neurologist really say this?

No. Those attributions are advertising language. No named or identifiable expert made those statements, and none has endorsed this product.

So is coffee bad for my memory or not?

None of the studies on this page is about plain coffee, and our "Coffee Tops The List" headline overstated it. What is worth watching is added sugar in coffee drinks, and caffeine late enough in the day to cost you a night. ^[3]

Should I stop something because of your "5 prescriptions" headline?

No. Not on your own, and not because of an advertisement. Take everything you take to your pharmacist and ask whether anything is a poor fit for your age.

How much does one press of the spray carry?

A fifth of the daily dose: 50 mg of lion's mane extract, 10 mg of L-theanine, 5 mg of ashwagandha, 0.11 mg of B1, 1.6 mg of B3 and 50 micrograms of B12.

Why does the article count in presses?

Because the press is the unit the spray gives you. Dividing the label by five and each study's amount by one press shows the distance between them without adjectives: sixty-four presses a day for the twelve-week lion's mane trial. ^[6]

Is 250 micrograms of B12 too much?

No upper limit has been set for vitamin B12. ^[11] Whether you need any extra is a question for a blood test, not for a label.

Can I order it from the United States?

No. The seller ships only within Europe.

What if I do not like it?

You can return an unopened, unused bottle within fourteen days of delivery, at your own postage. Opened bottles are not refunded unless defective. The seller can be reached at info@shroomwell.com or +372 55 11 446.

Are the reviews real?

Yes. There are seventeen on the seller's shop, all in Estonian, and three are quoted in translation in the article, including one at three stars about the taste.

If your own headlines are exaggerated, why should I believe this page?

A fair question. Do not take our word for it. The references below are real, published sources you can look up yourself, and nothing in sections 4 and 5 requires you to buy anything or trust us. If this page and our headlines disagree, believe this page.

Can I check these claims myself?

Yes, and you should. Every numbered reference below can be found by searching its authors and journal. For general information, the National Institute on Aging (nia.nih.gov) publishes plain-language material and sells nothing.

References

These are the sources behind the claims marked with a number above. Several are observational studies, which can show association but not cause. The studies of the spray's ingredients tested one ingredient at a time, in other people, at amounts many times larger than five presses carry; several were run in adults far younger than our readers, and one was authored in part by the supplier of the ingredient tested. The fact sheets and regulations are the governments' own. None of them tested this spray. We have deliberately not cited anything for the claims we describe as exaggerated, because there is nothing to cite.

1. Topiwala A. et al. (2017). BMJ 357:j2353 doi.org
2. Gonçalves N.G. et al. (2023). JAMA Neurology 80(2):142-150 doi.org
3. US FDA Consumer Update. "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?" (updated 2024-08-28) fda.gov
4. Mantantzis K. et al. (2020). Psychology and Aging 35(4):517-528 doi.org
5. Edmonds C.J. et al. (2021). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 95:104380 doi.org
6. Saitsu Y. et al. (2019). Biomedical Research 40(4):125-131 doi.org
7. Docherty S. et al. (2023). Nutrients 15(22):4842 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. NIH NCCIH. "Green Tea" (updated February 2025) nccih.nih.gov
9. Poly C. et al. (2011). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(6):1584-1591 doi.org
10. Barnes L.L. et al. (2023). New England Journal of Medicine 389(7):602-611 doi.org
11. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. "Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" (updated July 2, 2025) ods.od.nih.gov
12. Hidese S. et al. (2019). Nutrients 11(10):2362 doi.org
13. Gopukumar K. et al. (2021). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021:8254344 doi.org
14. Leonard M. et al. (2024). Nutrients 16(12):1813 doi.org
15. US Food and Drug Administration. "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" (content current as of 2024-03-05) fda.gov
16. Baba Y. et al. (2021). Journal of Medicinal Food 24(4):333-341 doi.org
17. Rutjes A.W.S. et al. (2018). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD011906 doi.org
18. European Commission (2012). Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012, Annex (list of permitted health claims) eur-lex.europa.eu
19. US Food and Drug Administration. "Paws Off Xylitol; It's Dangerous for Dogs" (consumer update, 2025-12-17) fda.gov

Citing a study does not mean the study is about this product. The studies above tested one ingredient at a time, at amounts far above what five presses of this spray carry, not the spray itself; none of the research tested Shroomwell Brain & Focus Spray, and none of it supports it.

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